2nd semester pathophysiology notes. pathophysiology is a branch of medical science that focuses on the study of abnormal changes in the body’s structure and function as a result of disease processes. These changes contribute to the development, progression, and manifestations of various diseases. The Pathophysiology Notes provided on this website aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying mechanisms and alterations that occur in different body systems during disease states.2nd semester pathophysiology notes
Unit I
Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptation.
Introduction, definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems,
Causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage,
Ribosome damage, Nuclear damage), Morphology of cell injury – Adaptive changes
(Atrophy, Hypertrophy. hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia),Cell swelling, Intra cellular
accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage, and Cell Death Acidosis
&Alkalosis, Electrolyte imbalance
The basic mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair:
Introduction, Clinical signs of inflammation, Different types of Inflammation, Mechanism
of Inflammation – Alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of
WBCs, Mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in the
skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis.
Unit II
Cardiovascular System:
Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and arteriosclerosis)
Respiratory system:
Asthma, Chronic obstructive airway diseases.
Renal system:
Acute and chronic renal failure.
Unit III
Hematological Diseases:
Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anemia,
thalassemia, hereditary acquired anemia, hemophilia.
Endocrine system:
Diabetes, thyroid diseases, disorders of sex hormones
Nervous system
Epilepsy. Parkinson’s disease, stroke, psychiatric disorders:
depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease
Unit IV
Inflammatory bowel diseases, jaundice, hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liver disease.
A disease of bones and joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and gout.
Principles of cancer.
classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of cancer
Unit V
Infectious diseases
Meningitis, Typhoid., Leprosy, Tuberculosis
Urinary tract infections.
Sexually transmitted diseases
AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea