Welcome to Bright Medico, your trusted source for comprehensive 4th semester Pharmacology notes. We understand the significance of mastering Pharmacology, a pivotal subject in the field of healthcare. Our website is dedicated to providing you with well-organized and reliable study materials to support your learning journey.
Our 4th semester Pharmacology notes cover a wide range of topics, including drug classifications, mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug interactions. We have meticulously curated these notes to ensure they are up-to-date, accurate, and in line with the latest advancements in the field.
Unit-1
. General Pharmacology
- Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and noncompetitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
- Pharmacokinetics- Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination
Unit-2
General Pharmacology
- Pharmacodynamics- Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose-response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
- Adverse drug reactions.
- Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
- Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs -Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials, and pharmacovigilance.
Unit-3
Pharmacology of drugs acting on the peripheral nervous system
- Organization and function of ANS.
- Neurohumoral transmission,co-transmission, and classification of neurotransmitters.
- Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
- Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
- Local anesthetic agents.
- Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma
Unit-4
Pharmacology of drugs acting on central nervous system
- Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S.special emphasis on importance of various neurotransmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
- General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
- Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
- Anti-epileptics
- Alcohols and disulfiram
Unit-5
Pharmacology of drugs acting on the central nervous system
- Drugs used in Parkinsons’ disease and Alzheimer’s disease.
- CNS stimulants and nootropics.
- Opioid analgesics and antagonists
- Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance, and dependence.
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